Text Assignment #4   Bio 108

Chapter 4 p. 54-70

1. Metabolism (p. 54) is the sum of all the _____________________  ______________________ in living organisms.

2.  Box 4.2 discusses how important sugar was in trade.  One use of sugar was to disguise the taste of bitter _______________________remedies.  Sugarcane was introduced to the Caribbean Islands by the Spanish explorer named __________________________.  Box 4.2 claims the sugar plantations were responsible for establishing _____________________  from Africa in the Americas early in the 16th century.  The figure at the lower right shows that rum and sugar was sold to ___________.

3.  Box 4.2 says that the French emperor, Napoleon I, wanted a local source of sugar, and discovered that sucrose (common table sugar) can be produced in cooler climates from the _____________________ plant.

4. The energy molecule of living cells (p. 57) is adenosine triphosphate, abbreviated as ___ ___ ___.

5. Proteins that act as catalysts from chemical reactions (p. 58) are called ______________________.  The function of a catalyst is to speed up a chemical reaction without being ____________________.

6.  Photosynthesis (p. 58) transforms the energy of ______________ into chemical energy.

7.  Visible light is part of the _____________________________spectrum.  Fig. 4.6 shows that the colors absorbed best by leaves are ________________ and ________________ while the color _________________ is reflected (absorbed least).

8.  The major organ of photosynthesis (fig. 4.7) is the ______________________.  The structure inside the cell where photosynthesis occurs is the ________________.

9.  The source of carbon used in photosynthesis (p. 62)  is _________________________ which is 0.035% of Earth's atmosphere. It enters the leaves by diffusing through the _______________.

10. CAM pathway (p.64) of desert plants is unusual in that their stomata are _________________ in daytime and ________________ at night.  This allows these plants to save water.

11. Cellular respiration (p. 64) breaks down glucose and forms __________________.

12.  Table 4.1 compares cellular respiration to photosynthesis.  Carbon dioxide is a ______________ in photosynthesis, but a _______________in cellular respiration.  Conversely, oxygen is a

 __________________ in photosynthesis, but a _______________in cellular respiration.

13.  Table 4.1 shows that in terms of energetics, photosynthesis ______________energy while cellular respiration ____________________energy.

14.  In the "summary" of table 4.1 it shows that sugar is __________________ in photosynthesis while sugar is broken down in cellular respiration and _______________ released.

15.  Figure 4.14 shows the structure associated with cellular respiration, the ____________________.

Chapter 7: Genetics

1.  Genetics is the study of __________________________.

2. A gene is a segment of a ______________ molecule.

3. Gregor ____________________ is considered the father of genetics.

4. Mendel lived in the 1800's in the country of _____________________ and studied at the University of Vienna.

5.  The organisms Mendel worked with was the garden __________________.  The flowers of these plants do NOT open so they are _________________pollinating.

6.  In fig. 7.2, it is shown how a person can control flower pollination by removing the _____________________.

7.  Genes are often found in alternate forms called alleles.  List the alleles for each trait in peas (see fig. 7.2).  I have done one for you.

8.  Box 7.2 on p.114-115 discusses the ______________  __________________project.

9.  In April of 2003, the International human genome sequencing consortium finished ______________________the human genome.

10. DNA sequencing is determining the order of ______________________ in a chromosome.

11. The human genome contains about _________billion bases and ________% are identical in all people.

12. The gene linked to cystic fibrosis is located on chromosome __________.

13.  The number of genes in the human genome is about ________ thousand.

14. One plant to have its gene sequenced was __________________.

15.  On p. 116, it points out that genes function by controlling ____________________________.

16.  Recombinant DNA means you can combine DNA between unrelated species.  In fig. 7.12, it shows DNA being added into a ____________________.

Chapter 4: Plant physiology p. 50-54

1.  Transpiration is the loss of ____________________________from plants.

2. Water loss occurs through the open _______________________________.

3. Stomata allow water vapor and ____________________ to diffuse out and _______________________ to diffuse in.

4.  A single corn plant might transpire 2 liters of water per day while a date palm could transpire _______________.

5.  Fig. 4.1 shows vessel elements joining to form a long column that reached from the stem tip to the _________________.

6.  Box 4.1 (p. 52-53) shows sunflower plants, one of which is deficient in the mineral _________________.

7.  Box 4.1 states that research has shown that plants need certain _____________________for normal growth.

8.  Nutrient deficiencies are tested using hydroponics, growing plants in _______________________nutrient solutions.

9.  One possible use of nutrient research is using plants known as _______________________________to concentrate heavy metals, and then harvest and dispose of these plants.