ANSWERS TO EXAMINATION THREE PRACTICE QUESTIONS

True or false: If a vaccine is designated as a "toxoid" that means it contains parts of bacterial cells.
Using the bacteria that causes cholera, Pasteur's nephew unwittingly led to the discovery that pathogens may become attenuated during
Haptens are more similar to ________than ________ .
_____ cells have been called the master cell of the immune system because they can inhibit or enhance antibody production in vertebrates.
Interferon's role is
Jody and Jeremy are two microbiology students. They are not related to one another but have become fast friends during the semester. True or False: All the IgG antibodies that Jody produces would have essentially the same amino acid sequence in their constant region as would all the IgG antibodies of Jeremy.
Antigens usually are
Ms. Lollapolooza's physician has ordered a hemagglutination inhibition test for measles. If no agglutination is seen when the test is run with Ms. Lollapolooza's serum,the most likely explanation is that
When performing the ELISA test, the result should be interpreted as follows:
With today's technology, when a test is run on a patient's serum to look for antibodies to Streptococcus, it is most likely to be a(n) _________test.
Moses gets an influenza vaccine in October. This vaccine consists of killed viruses. The immunity that results would be an example of
Anna had a Staphylococcus infection when she was 12 years old. She is now 24 years old and pregnant. When antibodies that Anna produced to Staphylococcus cross the placenta and circulate in her baby, this is an example of ________ in the baby.
The class of antibodies that is present in body secretions is
The class of antibodies that is elevated in the serum of pregnant women is
The class of antibodies that is primarily produced upon secondary exposure to an antigen is
Describe in detail how you could use monoclonal antibodies to develop a test to diagnose Hepatitis B. Be specific and complete in your description.
Inject a mouse with Hepatitis B virus. After ten days to two weeks, sacrifice the mouse and extract his spleen. Obtain the B-cells in the spleen that are specific for making antibodies against Hepatitis B virus. Put these B cells in a Petri plate.
Take a second mouse who has cancer. Remove some tumor cells from this mouse and add them to the Petri plate. Add ethylene glycol (antifreeze) to encourage the two types of cells to fuse. Any fused cells (hybridomas) will have the DNA to make antibodies against Hepatitis B virus and live in the Petri plate indefinitely. Add sufficient nutrients to keep cells alive and multiplying.
Harvest the antibodies they produce to Hepatitis B virus. If you add fluorescent dye to these antibodies, they will bind to Hepatitis B virus in patient's body fluids. You can see the fluorescence under a fluorescent microscope.
Recent experiments reveal that individuals who have rejected kidney transplants from several different donors may accept a kidney transplant if the histocompatibility antigens on the kidney are similar to those histocompatibility antigens that occur in the mother of the person receiving the transplant. Speculate on the reason that this phenomenon occurs.
The immune system remembers each antigenic determinant it encounters in utero as "self". It will not mount an immune response against such antigens. It is likely that some of the antigens from the mother crossed the placenta during the pregnancy and the baby's immune system marked them in immunological memory as self.
Toxoid preparations are used for immunizing against
a. influenza
b. smallpox
c. diptheria
d. polio
e. measles
In individuals who eventually develop an allergy to penicillin, a hapten-carrier complex induces antibody production. Penicillin is functioning in this case as the
a. hapten
b. carrier
c. hapten and carrier
d. neither hapten nor carrier
Precipitation occurs when an antibody binds to a __________ antigen.
a. dead
b. live
c. soluble
d. particulate
Associative recognition refers to the phenomenon whereby
a. to recognize an antigen a macrophage must see it on the surface of a T-cell next to a "self" antigen (MHC I).
b. to produce antibodies a B-cell must first receive the appropriate signal from a helper T-cell.
c. to produce antibodies a B-cell must first receive the appropriate signal from a cytotoxic T-cell.
d. to recognize an antigen a macrophage must see it on the surface of a T-cell next to a "self" antigen (MHC II).
e. to recognize an antigen a helper T-cell must see it on the surface of macrophage next to a "self" antigen (MHC II).
Each plasma cell produces antibodies against
a. one type of antigen only
b. two types of antigens only
c. a large variety of antigens
d. as many antigens as there are valencies
List three nonspecific host defenses that humans have against disease.
fever, complement, macrophage, skin, mucous membranes, interferon etc.
What is Coomb's Reagent? How is it made? What is it used for?
Coomb's reagent is antibody made to pooled human antibody. It is made in an animal such as a sheep or goat. The animal is injected with pooled serum or blood from many different people. The animal produces antibodies to the human antibodies it encounters. Since there is such a large variety of antibodies present, the animal's antibodies will bind with any human antibody they encounter. These anti-human antibodies are harvested and used for diagnostic tests such as the ELISA test.

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