True or false: If a vaccine is designated as a "toxoid" that means it contains parts of bacterial cells.
a. true b. false
Using the bacteria that causes cholera, Pasteur's nephew unwittingly led to the discovery that pathogens may become attenuated during
a. animal passage
b. in vitro culture
c. aging
d. heat treatment
e. the immune response
Haptens are more similar to ________than ________ .
a. antigens, antibodies
b. antibodies, antigens
c. complement, antibodies
d. T-cells, B-cells
e. B-cells, T-cells
_____ cells have been called the master cell of the immune system because they can inhibit or enhance antibody production in vertebrates.
a. neutrophils
b. T-cells
c. plasma cell
d. macrophages
e. eosinophils
Interferon's role is
a. to protect the cell that manufactures it against bacterial infection.
b. to protect the cell that manufactures it against viral infection.
c. to protect neighboring cells against bacterial infection.
d. to protect neighboring cells against viral infection.
e. to intefere with antibody production by B-cells.
Jody and Jeremy are two microbiology students. They are not related to one another but have become fast friends during the semester.
True or False: All the IgG antibodies that Jody produces would have essentially the same amino acid sequence in their constant region as would all the IgG antibodies of Jeremy.
a. true
b. false
Antigens usually are
a. multispecific
b. multivalent
c. neither multispecific nor multivalent
d. both multispecific and multivalent
Ms. Lollapolooza's physician has ordered a hemagglutination inhibition test for measles. If no agglutination is seen when the test is run with Ms. Lollapolooza's serum,the most likely explanation is that
a. Ms. Lollapolooza does not have the measles.
b. Ms. Lollapolooza had the measles some time previously.
c. Ms. Lollapolooza had a measles vaccination sometime in the past.
d. Ms. Lollapolooza has the measles at the time of the test.
e. Answers b or c above are both reasonable explanations.
When performing the ELISA test, the result should be interpreted as follows:
a. the higher the dilution that exhibits fluorescence, the higher the antibody titer of the patient
b. the higher the dilution that exhibits fluorescence, the lower the antibody titer of the patient
c. the greater the dilution that exhibits a color change in the substrate, the lower the antibody titer of the patient
d. the greater the dilution that exhibits a color change in the substrate, the greater the antibody titer of the patient
e. none of the above
With today's technology, when a test is run on a patient's serum to look for antibodies to Streptococcus, it is most likely to be a(n) _________test.
a. "in vitro"
b. "in vivo"
c. both "in vitro" and "in vivo"
d. neither "in vitro" nor "in vivo"
Moses gets an influenza vaccine in October. This vaccine consists of killed viruses. The immunity that results would be an example of
a. passive immunity.
b. active immunity.
c. both passive and active immunity.
d. neither passive nor active immunity.
Anna had a Staphylococcus infection when she was 12 years old. She is now 24 years old and pregnant. When antibodies that Anna produced to Staphylococcus cross the placenta and circulate in her baby, this is an example of _____ in the baby.
a. natural passive immunity
b. natural active immunity
c. both natural passive and natural active immunity
d. neither natural passive nor natural active immunity
The class of antibodies that is present in body secretions is
a. Ig A
b. Ig M
c. Ig G
d. Ig D
e. Ig E
The class of antibodies that is elevated in the serum of pregnant women is
a. Ig A
b. Ig M
c. Ig G
d. Ig D
e. Ig E
The class of antibodies that is primarily produced upon secondary exposure to an antigen is
a. Ig A
b. Ig M
c. Ig G
d. Ig D
e. Ig E
Describe in detail how you could use monoclonal antibodies to develop a test to diagnose Hepatitis B. Be specific and complete in your description.
Recent experiments reveal that individuals who have rejected kidney transplants from several different donors may accept a kidney transplant if the histocompatibility antigens on the kidney are similar to those histocompatibility antigens that occur in the mother of the person receiving the transplant. Speculate on the reason that this phenomenon occurs.
Toxoid preparations are used for immunizing against
a. influenza
b. smallpox
c. diptheria
d. polio
e. measles
In individuals who eventually develop an allergy to penicillin, a hapten-carrier complex induces antibody production. Penicillin is functioning in this case as the
a. hapten
b. carrier
c. hapten and carrier
d. neither hapten nor carrier
Precipitation occurs when an antibody binds to a __________ antigen.
a. dead
b. live
c. soluble
d. particulate
Associative recognition refers to the phenomenon whereby
a. to recognize an antigen a macrophage must see it on the surface of a T-cell next to a "self" antigen (MHC I).
b. to produce antibodies a B-cell must first receive the appropriate signal
from a helper T-cell.
c. to produce antibodies a B-cell must first receive the appropriate signal
from a cytotoxic T-cell.
d. to recognize an antigen a macrophage must see it on the surface of a T-cell next to a "self" antigen (MHC II).
e. to recognize an antigen a helper T-cell must see it on the surface of macrophage next to a "self" antigen (MHC II).
Each plasma cell produces antibodies against
a. one type of antigen only
b. two types of antigens only
c. a large variety of antigens
d. as many antigens as there are valencies
List three nonspecific host defenses that humans have against disease.
What is Coomb's Reagent? How is it made? What is it used for?