Some Philosophical Distinctions

Philosophy Of Language Distinctions:

Analytic/Synthetic

Syntax/Semantics

Intension/Extension

Object Language/Meta Language

Connotation/Denotation

Sense/Reference/Nominatum

Definiendum/Definiens

Sentence/Statement/Proposition

Proposition/Content/Meaning

“Is” of Identity, of Predication, of Element, and of Subset

Argument/Rhetoric

Function/Argument/Object/Concept

Word/Object/Name/Referent

Meaning/Nonsense

Meaningful/Meaningless

Said Of/Said In/Predicated Of

De Dicto/De re

Use/Mention

Homonymous/Synonymous/Paronymous

Narrow Content/Wide Content

Univocal/Homonymous

Metaphysical Distinctions:

Necessary/Contingent

A Priori/A Posteriori

Process/Product

Essence/Accident

Substance/Attribute/Property/Quality

Primary Quality/Secondary Quality

Whole/Part

Type/Token

Natural/Artificial/Supernatural

Actual/Potential

Possible/Probable/Certain

Real/Illusory/Appearance/Imitation/ Resemblance

Original/Model/Paradigm/Copy/Image

Cause/Effect

Efficient/Formal/Material/Final Cause

Simple/Complex/Composite

Free Will/Determinism

Hard/Soft Determinism/Compatibilism

Genus/Species

Mind/Soul/Brain/Body

Hypothetical/Actual/Categorical

Matter of Fact/Matter of Relation

Mind/Matter

Matter/Substance/Form/Essence

Mental/Physical/Spiritual

Space/Extension

One/Many/Infinite

Universal/Particular/Individual

Nominalism/Conceptualism/Realism

Mortal/Immortal

Temporary/Permanent

Everlasting/Eternal

This/That/Non-Duality

Is/Is not/Being/Becoming/Not Being/ Non-Being

Absolute/Simpliciter/Per se/Relative/ Nihilistic

Difference in Degree/in Kind

Abstract/Theoretical/Concrete/Practical

Selection of/Selection for

Platonic Form/Aristotelian form/ Aristotelian universal

Active Action/Passive Action

Qualitative/Quantitative/Numerical Identity

Epistemological Distinctions:

Skepticism/Guess/Conjecture/Opinion/ Belief/True Belief/Justified True Belief/Knowledge/ Highly Probable Knowledge/Absolute Knowledge

Noumena /Phenomena

Empiricism/Rationalism

Coherentism/Foundationalism/Skepticism

Dogmatism/Skepticism

Perception/Impression/Judgment

Thought/Idea/Affirmation/Doubt/ Imagination/Judgment

Thesis/Antithesis/Synthesis

Knower/Seer/Known/Seen

Subject/Object/Non-Duality

High Probability Justification/Absolute Justification

Atheist/Agnostic/Deist/Theist/Pantheist

Ethical Distinctions:

Ethics/Morality

Is/Ought

Descriptive/Prescriptive/Normative

Good/Bad/Evil

Descriptive Ethics/Normative Ethics/Meta-Ethics/Applied Ethics

Subjective/Objective

Duty/Right/Obligation

Should/Ought/Morally Permissible/Morally Impermissible

Letter of the Law/Spirit (Intent) of the Law

Means/End

Action/Consequence

Intention/Motive/Consequence

Behavior/Intention/Motive/Character

Responsibility/Blame/Praise

Absolutism/Relativism/Nihilism

Individual Relativism/Cultural Relativism

Omission/Commission/Doctrine of Double Effect

Logical Distinctions:

Contradiction/Tautology

Sound/Unsound/Valid/Invalid

Deductive/Inductive/Abductive

True/False

First Order/Second Order

Member/Set